CBS4 in Denver interviewed me and two of my clients earlier this year for a story about the difficulty in getting construction defects repaired. The story aired this week along with coverage of the General Assembly’s ongoing debate over construction defect laws. Click here to see the video and read the related story.
17 March 2015
10 March 2015
Colorado senate committee approves construction defect bill
Late last night, the Colorado Senate Business, Labor, and Technology Committee voted to refer SB 15-177 to the committee of the whole. The vote followed nearly seven hours of testimony from those in favor of construction defect legislation and those opposed.
As I have previously discussed in this blog, the bill sponsors have argued that their measure will encourage the construction of more affordable housing by giving builders de facto immunity for claims of defective workmanship and property damage in common interest communities. The bill achieves this by establishing difficult voting and disclosure requirements for homeowner associations and requiring costly, private arbitration of any disputes that can overcome the procedural hurdles. During the recent hearing, proponents echoed these statements and testified that insulating homebuilders from claims would lower home prices and rents by increasing the supply of cheaply-built condominiums.
Opponents questioned whether the bill contained any provisions that would actually help the affordable housing market. They also argued that it was improper for the legislature to shift the cost of fixing construction defects onto those homeowners who can least afford to pay for necessary repairs.
In response to the opponents, bill sponsor Jessie Ulibarri, a Commerce City Democrat, argued that those who buy homes in affordable home communities should not expect to have legal recourse against a homebuilder after they close on a house. Ulibarri acknowledged his own childhood experiences growing up in poverty but was adamant that unsophisticated buyers do not deserve any special protections when they buy a home. Ulibarri told the committee that he reads every contract in full before he signs it, and he insisted that homebuyers should not be allowed to avoid waivers in the fine print of their closing documents.
Although witnesses testified that virtually all new residential construction projects present buyers with contracts of adhesion, such that homebuyers have no choice but to accept onerous waivers and arbitration clauses, Ulibarri was not persuaded. He instead told the committee that low income residents do “have a choice,” and that choice is to not buy a home. In other words, homebuyers can either choose to buy an affordable home with construction defects, or they can choose to keep renting.
How this “choice” will help solve problems of affordable housing and high rents remains to be seen, but proponents of the bill were confident that it would work out somehow.
I testified along with one of my clients concerning the high cost of private arbitration and how paying arbitrators to decide these claims is not realistic for many who live in affordable housing communities. Affluent communities with huge repair claims can always find a contingent-fee lawyer to front the costs of a construction arbitration, but that is seldom an option for communities of less-wealthy residents.
Democrats on the committee proposed three amendments, which would have preserved homeowners’ right to a jury trial, protected individual unit owners’ ability to seek repairs if their neighbors did not approve community action, and delayed implementation of any law until state agencies could present data showing that the bill would actually help create more affordable housing. Ulibarri opposed all of these amendments and convinced the committee members to vote down these proposals while approving several others that altered the mechanics of the bill.
Republicans on the committee appeared to be particularly persuaded by one witness who testified that rent on her apartment in Denver was too high. Although the witness gave few details about her apartment or rents on comparable properties, Committee Chair David Balmer at one point referred to this testimony as being the most compelling of the evening. Democrats questioned whether the bill would have any appreciable effect on rents in the Metro Area or lead to the construction of any homes within City limits that a resident in her income bracket could afford. Ulibarri countered with the suggestion that Habitat for Humanity, a supporter of his bill, might give the witness a house at a discounted price if the bill passes.
In the end, despite hours of testimony, the vote came down as expected, largely along party lines. Democrat Cheri Jahn joined the five Republican senators on the committee to vote in favor of the bill. Democrats Irene Aguilar and Rollie Heath voted no, and Democrat Linda Newell was excused.
The bill now heads to the State House of Representatives, where Democrats are expected to reject the measure absent major amendments to protect homeowners.
Further comments and links to related topics may be found on my twitter page. Additional coverage also appeared in today’s Denver Business Journal.
03 March 2015
Nice article about my alma mater...
This article from the ABA’s Legal Rebels blog discusses some of the innovative strategies that DU has been employing to advance legal education.
‘Grow’ your law school? The what, why and whether of Denver Law
02 March 2015
New Jersey courts sign “death knell” for 1979 Weedo decision
A new blog post from Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton discusses two recent decisions limiting the holding of Weedo v. Stone-E-Brick, Inc., 405 A.2d 788 (N.J. 1979), a New Jersey case that has generated decades of commentary and debate, in my own writing as well as that of many others (at least 1880 citations, according to the blog).
Weedo interpreted a 1973 insurance policy form. Although its holding was not particularly remarkable on its face, many courts would later apply Weedo as precedent in disputes arising under newer policies that had been written to expand coverage for property damage arising from a contractor’s defective work. It is well time that the case be retired and no longer cited as precedent.
Update: In August 2016, the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed one of the decisions discussed above, effectively driving the final nail in the Weedo coffin. The court relied in part on Colorado’s seminal Greystone decision to hold that the term “occurrence” in standard CGL policies encompasses unanticipated damage to nondefective property resulting from a subcontractor’s poor workmanship. Cypress Point Condo. Ass’n v. Adria Towers, L.L.C., 143 A.3d 273 (N.J. 2016).
01 March 2015
Some observations on the Supreme Court’s marriage equality opinion
Justice Kennedy’s majority opinion from the Court’s historic marriage equality case, Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015), contains some of the Court’s better legal writing, succinctly explaining how our Constitution protects individual liberties. If you have the time, I would highly recommend downloading a copy.
Chief Justice Roberts’s dissent is also worth a read. A colleague who clerked for the Supreme Court once told me that, prior to his appointment on the bench, John Roberts was the best lawyer he ever saw appear before the court. That shows here. Roberts acknowledges that a prohibition on same-sex marriage is unpopular, but he nevertheless makes a persuasive argument why the federal Constitution should not apply to this issue. Although I disagree with him, I admire his technical skill in handling a charged subject.
The other three dissents are less impressive, as Scalia and company retreat to the bombastic comedy that has become their norm in recent years. Fortunately, logic and common sense prevailed today.
Below are a few highlights from the majority opinion and the dissents. Internal citations have been omitted.
Kennedy: “The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach, a liberty that includes certain specific rights that allow persons, within a lawful realm, to define and express their identity.”
Scalia: “If, even as the price to be paid for a fifth vote, I ever joined an opinion for the Court that began: ‘The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach, a liberty that includes certain specific rights that allow persons, within a lawful realm, to define and express their identity,’ I would hide my head in a bag.”
Kennedy: “The lifelong union of a man and a woman always has promised nobility and dignity to all persons, without regard to their station in life. Marriage is sacred to those who live by their religions and offers unique fulfillment to those who find meaning in the secular realm. Its dynamic allows two people to find a life that could not be found alone, for a marriage becomes greater than just the two persons.”
Thomas: “[H]uman dignity cannot be taken away by the government. Slaves did not lose their dignity (any more than they lost their humanity) because the government allowed them to be enslaved. Those held in internment camps did not lose their dignity because the government confined them. And those denied governmental benefits certainly do not lose their dignity because the government denies them those benefits.”
Kennedy: “The history of marriage is one of both continuity and change. That institution—even as confined to opposite-sex relations—has evolved over time. For example, marriage was once viewed as an arrangement by the couple’s parents based on political, religious, and financial concerns; but by the time of the Nation’s founding it was understood to be a voluntary contract between a man and a woman. . . . These new insights have strengthened, not weakened, the institution of marriage.”
Roberts: “Although the policy arguments for extending marriage to same-sex couples may be compelling, the legal arguments for requiring such an extension are not. The fundamental right to marry does not include a right to make a State change its definition of marriage. And a State’s decision to maintain the meaning of marriage that has persisted in every culture throughout human history can hardly be called irrational. In short, our Constitution does not enact any one theory of marriage. The people of a State are free to expand marriage to include same-sex couples, or to retain the historic definition.”
Kennedy: “The generations that wrote and ratified the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment did not presume to know the extent of freedom in all of its dimensions, and so they entrusted to future generations a charter protecting the right of all persons to enjoy liberty as we learn its meaning. When new insight reveals discord between the Constitution’s central protections and a received legal stricture, a claim to liberty must be addressed.”
Roberts: “I agree with the majority that the ‘nature of injustice is that we may not always see it in our own times.’ As petitioners put it, ‘times can blind.’ But to blind yourself to history is both prideful and unwise.”
Kennedy: “[P]rotecting the right to marry … safeguards children and families and thus draws meaning from related rights of childrearing, procreation, and education.”
Alito: “Today … more than 40% of all children in this country are born to unmarried women. This development undoubtedly is both a cause and a result of changes in our society’s understanding of marriage.”
Kennedy: “[R]eligions, and those who adhere to religious doctrines, may continue to advocate with utmost, sincere conviction that, by divine precepts, same-sex marriage should not be condoned.”
Thomas: “Aside from undermining the political processes that protect our liberty, the majority’s decision threatens the religious liberty our Nation has long sought to protect.”
Kennedy: “Many who deem same-sex marriage to be wrong reach that conclusion based on decent and honorable religious or philosophical premises, and neither they nor their beliefs are disparaged here. But when that sincere, personal opposition becomes enacted law and public policy, the necessary consequence is to put the imprimatur of the State itself on an exclusion that soon demeans or stigmatizes those whose own liberty is then denied.”
Roberts: “Understand well what this dissent is about: It is not about whether, in my judgment, the institution of marriage should be changed to include same-sex couples. It is instead about whether, in our democratic republic, that decision should rest with the people acting through their elected representatives, or with five lawyers who happen to hold commissions authorizing them to resolve legal disputes according to law. The Constitution leaves no doubt about the answer.”
Kennedy: “The centrality of marriage to the human condition makes it unsurprising that the institution has existed for millennia and across civilizations. Since the dawn of history, marriage has transformed strangers into relatives, binding families and societies together. Confucius taught that marriage lies at the foundation of government. This wisdom was echoed centuries later and half a world away by Cicero, who wrote, ‘The first bond of society is marriage; next, children; and then the family.’ There are untold references to the beauty of marriage in religious and philosophical texts spanning time, cultures, and faiths, as well as in art and literature in all their forms.”
Roberts: “[T]he Court invalidates the marriage laws of more than half the States and orders the transformation of a social institution that has formed the basis of human society for millennia, for the Kalahari Bushmen and the Han Chinese, the Carthaginians and the Aztecs. Just who do we think we are?”
Kennedy: “[M]arriage was once viewed as an arrangement by the couple’s parents based on political, religious, and financial concerns; but by the time of the Nation’s founding it was understood to be a voluntary contract between a man and a woman. As the role and status of women changed, the institution further evolved. Under the centuries-old doctrine of coverture, a married man and woman were treated by the State as a single, male-dominated legal entity. As women gained legal, political, and property rights, and as society began to understand that women have their own equal dignity, the law of coverture was abandoned. These and other developments in the institution of marriage over the past centuries were not mere superficial changes. Rather, they worked deep transformations in its structure, affecting aspects of marriage long viewed by many as essential.”
Roberts: “Today… the Court takes the extraordinary step of ordering every State to license and recognize same-sex marriage. Many people will rejoice at this decision, and I begrudge none their celebration. But for those who believe in a government of laws, not of men, the majority’s approach is deeply disheartening. Supporters of same-sex marriage have achieved considerable success persuading their fellow citizens—through the democratic process—to adopt their view. That ends today. Five lawyers have closed the debate and enacted their own vision of marriage as a matter of constitutional law.”
Kennedy: “[T]he Court has long held the right to marry is protected by the Constitution. In Loving v. Virginia, which invalidated bans on interracial unions, a unanimous Court held marriage is ‘one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.’ The Court reaffirmed that holding inZablocki v. Redhail, which held the right to marry was burdened by a law prohibiting fathers who were behind on child support from marrying. The Court again applied this principle in Turner v. Safley, which held the right to marry was abridged by regulations limiting the privilege of prison inmates to marry. Over time and in other contexts, the Court has reiterated that the right to marry is fundamental under the Due Process Clause.”
Roberts: “One immediate question invited by the majority’s position is whether States may retain the definition of marriage as a union of two people. Although the majority randomly inserts the adjective ‘two’ in various places, it offers no reason at all why the two-person element of the core definition of marriage may be preserved while the man-woman element may not. Indeed, from the standpoint of history and tradition, a leap from opposite-sex marriage to same-sex marriage is much greater than one from a two-person union to plural unions, which have deep roots in some cultures around the world. If the majority is willing to take the big leap, it is hard to see how it can say no to the shorter one.”
Kennedy: “The nature of marriage is that, through its enduring bond, two persons together can find other freedoms, such as expression, intimacy, and spirituality. This is true for all persons, whatever their sexual orientation.”
Scalia: “Really? Who ever thought that intimacy and spirituality (whatever that means) were freedoms? And if intimacy is, one would think Freedom of Intimacy is abridged rather than expanded by marriage. Ask the nearest hippie.”
Kennedy: “No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. As some of the petitioners in these cases demonstrate, marriage embodies a love that may endure even past death. It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization’s oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.”